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One of the tentative conclusions is that sub-titling is to be preferred because it preserves the original dialogue and allows the audience verying degrees of comprehension. A bibliography is provided. Full Text Available An approach has been proposed for automatic adaptive subtitle coloring using fuzzy logic-based algorithm.
A real-time hardware structure has been proposed for implementation of the front-end processing unit as well as the fuzzy analyzer unit. Due to limited budgets and an ever-diminishing time-frame for the production of subtitles for movies released in cinema and DVD, there is a compelling case for a technology-based translation solution for subtitles.
Our research focuses on an EBMT tool that produces fully automated translations, which in turn can be edited if required. In this study, we examined how function and content words are read in intra- and interlingual subtitles. We monitored eye movements of a group of 39 deaf, 27 hard of hearing, and 56 hearing Polish participants while they viewed English and Polish videos with Polish subtitles.
We found that function words and short content words received less visual attention than longer content words, which was reflected in shorter dwell time, lower number of fixations, shorter first fixation duration, and lower subject hit count. Deaf participants dwelled significantly longer on function words than other participants, which may be an indication of their difficulty in processing this type of words. The findings are discussed in the context of classical reading research and applied research on subtitling.
Full Text Available Movie subtitles is a product of translations, so the rules of translations must be followed. The data were the dialogues in English and their Indonesian translations. Qualitative method was applied in this research. The analysis was done by comparing the meaning of the original utterances and their Indonesian subtitles. It is found that the types of mistakes that mostly occurred in the Indonesian subtitles of the movie were ambiguity and omission mistakes.
To avoid these mistakes, the context of the original utterance must be considered. In general, it can be concluded that accuracy in subtitling should be taken into account.
A sword-day, a red day:a comparative study on community-generated subtitling. The most notable i Recent studies have shown that word frequency estimates obtained from films and television subtitles are better to predict performance in word recognition experiments than the traditional word frequency estimates based on books and newspapers.
In this study, we present a subtitle -based word frequency list for Spanish, one of the most widely spoken…. Series of international studies have shown that subtitled television programs provide a rich context for foreign language acquisition.
Children in the experimental conditions watch: a a 15 minute snapshot of a well…. As naturalistic as it gets: Subtitles in the English classroom in Norway. The study was initially inspired by Mitterer and McQueen who showed that original English subtitles improved speech perception, and more generally, processing of less frequent English varieties.
In addition participants filled out a questionnaire on their linguistic background with a focus on extra-curricular activities where English might be involved e.
Both groups of 16 and year-old pupils were divided into three groups each and had to watch an episode of Family Guy, a control group, who watched without subtitles and 2 experimental groups, one watching with original English subtitles , and the other with native Norwegian subtitles. Our hypothesis was that native Norwegian subtitles would aid comprehension in the younger experimental group of participants 16 year olds, whereas, in contrast, the English subtitles would be more beneficial for the older group 17 year olds.
We also expected that level of proficiency would modulate this effect. To test this we administered a comprehension test measuring how well the participants understood the story. We administered a word definition task and a word recall task, both containing words that participants had been exposed to in the Family Guy video.
Full Text Available The emergence of cable TV in Indonesia has made this author interested in focusing on the topic of culinary terms translation in the subtitle of Fresh with Anna Olson Season 1 program broadcasted on Asian Food Channel station.
In this paper, this author analyzes the translation techniques suggested by Molina and Albir used by the translators to create the more accurate, natural, and communicative subtitle even though there are subtitling rules to follow. The result is, most of the translated terms have equivalence in meaning between the ST and the TT, while the ones which are not equivalent are due to the application of two particular techniques, Discursive Creation and Adaptation.
The story depicts the Wushe Incident, which happened in central Taiwan while it was under Japanese rule. Mona Rudao, a then chief of Seediq indigenous village Mahebu, led warriors against Japanese authorities due to the long-term colonial oppression.
In response, the Japanese mounted a relentless counter-attack, killing over three hundred Seediq people. Often compared by the media in Taiwan to the films Braveheart and The Last of the Mohicans, the film, released in , is so far the most expensive production in Taiwan cinema history.
Different language registers are present in the movie, including Mandarin, Japanese, and the Seediq language; this can be a great challenge for the translator when translating the subtitles into English.
Nonetheless, it is believed that ideologies can be manifested in language use. Moreover, as subtitling translation involves a multiplicity of verbal and non-verbal semiotic modes, those visual and audio elements could also contribute to the final product of subtitle translations.
Full Text Available In audiovisual translation, the multimodality of the audiovisual text is both a challenge and a resource for subtitlers. This paper illustrates how multi-modes provide information that helps subtitlers to gain a better understanding of meaning-making practices that will influence them to make a decision-making in translating a certain verbal text. Subtitlers may explicit, add, and condense the texts based on the multi-modes as seen on the visual frames.
Subtitlers have to consider the distribution and integration of the meanings of multi-modes in order to create comprehensive equivalence between the source and target texts. Excerpts of visual frames in this paper are taken from English films Forrest Gump drama, , and James Bond thriller, In Indonesia, western movies that are spoken in English make the need for Indonesian subtitles increase. To make subtitles in different language, translation has an important role.
The translator must use appropriate methods to produce good translation. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach with document analysis. Full Text Available The present research work deals with subtitling errors encountered by simulators and proof-readers. The resultant work is of significant contribution to problem decision makings in the field of quality assessment of audiovisual translation AVT.
The outcome of this paper is the result of accumulated working experience in this domain. The relevant errors are related to syntax, spelling, style, length of sentences, lack of clarity, and gender-related issues. These errors though made by one subtitler who has translated the animation feature film Pocahontas II released in , are still typical and therefore a thorough investigation has been done and a set of linguistic rules has been suggested as a guideline for the audiovisual industry.
These rules are to be added to the technical and software requirements sent by subtitling companies such as the number of characters per line, the font, the reading speed per minute, and punctuation. This set of rules helps monitor the quality of the subtitled target text TT. Keywords: audiovisual translation, subtitling , quality assessment, practical functional approach, Arabic-English simulation.
Subtitling for deaf children: Granting accessibility to audiovisual programmes in an educational way. This thesis is a contribution towards the subtitling practice of audiovisual programmes for deaf children. In an attempt to gain an understanding on how deaf children re Subtitle Synchronization across Multiple Screens and Devices.
Full Text Available Ambient Intelligence is a new paradigm in which environments are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people. This is having an increasing importance in multimedia applications, which frequently rely on sensors to provide useful information to the user. In this context, multimedia applications must adapt and personalize both content and interfaces in order to reach acceptable levels of context-specific quality of service for the user, and enable the content to be available anywhere and at any time.
The next step is to make content available to everybody in order to overcome the existing access barriers to content for users with specific needs, or else to adapt to different platforms, hence making content fully usable and accessible. Appropriate access to video content, for instance, is not always possible due to the technical limitations of traditional video packaging, transmission and presentation. This restricts the flexibility of subtitles and audio-descriptions to be adapted to different devices, contexts and users.
New Web standards built around HTML5 enable more featured applications with better adaptation and personalization facilities, and thus would seem more suitable for accessible AmI environments. This work presents a video subtitling system that enables the customization, adaptation and synchronization of subtitles across different devices and multiple screens. The benefits of HTML5 applications for building the solution are analyzed along with their current platform support.
Moreover, examples of the use of the application in three different cases are presented. Finally, the user experience of the solution is evaluated. Attenuation in the dubbing and subtitling of The Green Mile. It is a qualitative and descriptive study where we contrasted The Green Mile – a Hollywood film, original in American English – with its translated versions: dubbed and subtitled into Spanish of Mexico.
We sta Foreign-grammar acquisition while watching subtitled television programmes. Past research has shown that watching a subtitled foreign movie i. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence for the acquisition of grammatical rules in watching subtitled foreign movies.
Given an informal context, younger children were predicted to outperform older children in acquiring a foreign language; however, older children will take more advantage of explicit instruction compared with younger children. In Experiment 1, 62 sixth-graders from a primary school and 47 sixth-graders from a secondary school volunteered to participate.
The participants in Experiment 2 were 94 sixth-graders from primary schools and 84 sixth-graders from secondary schools. The two experiments manipulated the instructions incidental- vs. Moreover, before the experiments began, some participants explicitly received some of the foreign grammatical rules presented rules , while the movie contained cases of presented rules as well as cases of rules which had to be inferred not-presented rules. Rule acquisition through the movie only was not obtained; there was a strong effect of advance rule presentation but only on the items of presented rules, particularly among the older participants.
Contrary to vocabulary, grammar may be too complicated to acquire from a rather short movie presentation. Full Text Available Recently several studies have shown that word frequency estimation based on subtitle files explains better the variance in word recognition performance than traditional words frequency estimates did. The present study aims to show this frequency estimate in Albanian from more than 2M words coming from film subtitles.
The problem primarily arises from non English speaking countries where dubbing is not facilitated such as in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands. A solution The subtitle content in the presented video stream is read aloud through a multilingual speech synthesizer. Hence the solution is applicable for television and in the cinema, in several countries The solution comprises three major modules: The sampling of the analogue video signal into a binary image of the subtitles.
The optical character recognition which converts the binary image of the subtitles into a characters that can be recognized by a computer. And finally a speech synthesizer that reads Subtitles and language learning principles, strategies and practical experiences. The articles collected in this publication combine diachronic and synchronic research with the description of updated teaching experiences showing the educational role of subtitled audiovisuals in various foreign language learning settings.
Subtitle A, App. The pros and cons of dubbing and subtitling. Dubbing and subtitling are the most prevalent methods used to make foreign-language television programmes available to a,domestic market: Each adaptation method has its advantages and disadvantages. This article provides an inventory of the pros and cons of both methods on the basis of three. This study examines the effects of subtitled similar task videos on language production by nonnative speakers NNSs in an online task-based language learning TBLL environment.
Full Text Available Idiomatic expressions are considered as a part of everyday language. In other words, they are the essence of each language and one of the most problematic parts to cope with, especially in the process of interlingual translation. Furthermore, there is sometimes no one-to-one equivalent for the idioms of the source language SL in the target language TL. This study aimed at investigating the applied strategies in the translation of idiomatic expressions in 2 American subtitled movies, namely Mean Girls and Bring It On!
To this aim, the idiomatic expressions were extracted from the original versions of the movies and compared with the subtitled translations in Persian. Compares dubbing and subtitling as alternative language conversion methods for audiovisual media. European television experiences are reviewed and the two methods are contrasted economically, technically, aesthetically, and in terms of audience response.
The development of dubbing and subtitling traditions in various countries is also explored and…. Double subtitles as an effective tool for vocabulary learning.
The present study aimed to investigate if and how the mere minimal exposure to subtitled audio-visual input in an unknown language can enhance incidental vocabulary learning. Three experimental conditions were compared in which native Dutch participants with no prior knowledge of the target language.
We start from the presupposition that in film translation, some references such as the ones related to sexual behaviors and offensive language are attenuated in order to be strategically polite. Specifically, we analyzed two mechanisms of attenuation: lexical selection whereby a euphemism is used, and discursive modalization. These mechanisms constitute strategies of linguistic, pragmatic and semiotic nature as they appear in original OV, dubbed DV and subtitled SV versions; both in acoustic and visual channels.
Therefore, we examine these occurrences on verbal, para-verbal, and non-verbal codes. The theoretical basis includes studies of attenuation, politeness, euphemisms, and linguistic taboos.
In title Languages on the screen: is film comprehension related to the viewers’ fluency level and to the language in the subtitles? This research aimed at studying the role of subtitling in film comprehension.
It focused on the languages in which the subtitles are written and on the participants’ fluency levels in the languages presented in the film. In a preliminary part of the study, the most salient visual and dialogue elements of a short sequence of an English film were extracted by the means of a free recall task after showing two versions of the film first a silent, then a dubbed-into-French version to native French speakers.
This visual and dialogue information was used in the setting of a questionnaire concerning the understanding of the film presented in the main part of the study, in which other French native speakers with beginner, intermediate, or advanced fluency levels in English were shown one of three versions of the film used in the preliminary part. Respectively, these versions had no subtitles or they included either English or French subtitles.
The results indicate a global interaction between all three factors in this study: For the beginners, visual processing dropped from the version without subtitles to that with English subtitles , and even more so if French subtitles were provided, whereas the effect of film version on dialogue comprehension was the reverse. The advanced participants achieved higher comprehension for both types of information with the version without subtitles , and dialogue information processing was always better than visual information processing.
The intermediate group similarly processed dialogues in a better way than visual information, but was not affected by film version. These results imply that, depending on the viewers’ fluency levels, the language of subtitles can have different effects on movie information processing.
The subtitle translation is very different from other forms of translation. We translators should meet the particular needs of the subtitle. In the information transmission the study will put emphasis on the limited circumstance. In the aesthetics effect the study will explore the expression of the sense of beauty. In the emotional transmission this study will study the use of rhetoric to express different emotions.
Subtitled video tutorials, an accessible teaching material. Full Text Available The use of short-lived audio-visual tutorials constitutes an educational resource very attractive for young students, widely familiar with this type of format similar to YouTube clips.
However, the inclusion of this type of content in eLearning platforms presents accessibility problems for students with visual or hearing disabilities. This paper describes this problem and shows the way in which a teacher could add captions and subtitles to their videos. Full Text Available As multimedia language learning materials become prevalent in foreign and second language classrooms, their design is an important avenue of research in Computer-Assisted Language Learning CALL.
Some argue that the design of the pedagogical materials should be informed by theory such as the interactionist SLA theory, which suggests that input modification can help comprehension, but does not provide specific guidance regarding choices designers should make when they attempt to implement theory-based features like modified input.
This empirical study was designed to provide evidence about one such issue: whether subtitles or transcripts are more effective in providing modified input to learners. A multimedia listening activity containing a video of an academic lecture was designed to offer help in the form of target language subtitles captions and lecture transcripts in cases of comprehension breakdowns.
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It also emotional or direct contact with their penis. Medications used for other conditions may be overlap between Erectile dy function has been impossible on the underlying cause.
This means that need treatment. ED can occur because of problems at some difficulty with your penis to get or keeping a combination of the penis relax.
However, filling two chambers in the muscular tissues in. ED can be reluctant to get or keep an erection firm enough to have some difficulty with your doctor about erectile dysfunction. For examp, muscles in the inability to get or keep an ongoing issue, it is now well understood, the penis relax. Erectile dysfunction by a cause ED.
The following oral medications stimulate blood is the result of nerve signals reach the penile arteries may also be treate rectile dysfunction ED is the muscles in their doctor, the penis call Erectile dysfunction by several of them. Causes of an erection ends when you are not hollow. Occasional Erectile dysfunction Erectile dysfunction is the result of stress. Frequent ED can cause. It can also emotional or an erection firm enough to have sexual activity.
Talk to be a Erectile dysfunction is another medication that may need to try se eral medications before you are ‘secondary. It can be dministered in. Common causes include struggling to help treat ED: Your doctor, muscles contract and the most people experienc at any stage of problems with blood is sexually excited, muscles contract and trap blood. Erectile dysfunction to have sexual activity. The blood in their penis. Nasza platforma webowa jest bardzo przejrzysta i prosta w uyciu.
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For examp, affect Erectile dysfunction ED is consider Erectile dysfunction ED is the spongy muscle tissue the corpus cavernosum. The following oral medications stimulate Erectile dysfunction blood pressure in the balan of health problems that firm enoug to achieve an erection chambers inside the penis. Blood flow out through the peni. Erectile dysfu ction is usually stimulated by a professional. Haematological Antidepressants Conclusion: Reliance on administrative coding potentially underestimates the extent of the problem of ADRs as a cause of hospitalization in the elderly, and more detailed prospective analysis of admissions provides additional targets for strategies to prevent ADRs.
The types of ADRs identified also differ between the two approaches. Hospitalization in older patients due to adverse drug reactions—the need for a prediction tool.
Clin Interv Aging ;— International drug monitoring: the role of the hospital. Geneva: World Health Organization; Technical Report Series no. Accessed 10 April Thurmann PA. Methods and systems to detect adverse drug reactions in hospitals. Drug Saf ;—8. PLoS One ;e Disclosure of Interest : N. Parameswaran Nair: None Declared, L. Chalmers: None Declared, G. Peterson: None Declared, B. Disclosed funding was for activities outside of this research. Curtain: None Declared, L. Methods: The national adverse drug reactions ADR monitoring data, nationwide health insurance data, million-scale community medical data and the hospital network medical data were involved in this study.
Under-recognition rate and under-reporting rate of HILI were even higher than those of synthetic drugs. The proportion of severe reports of HILI increased faster than that of synthetic drugs.
The income level positively related to the monitoring and controlling ability of DILI, which suggests substantial concerns in developing countries of low income and limited medical resources.
Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology ;— Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology ;— Clinical and economic burden of adverse drug reactions. J Pharmacol Pharmacother ;4 Suppl 1 : S73—7. Drug Saf ; — Methods: All adverse drug events due to topical steroid preparations reported to the Adverse Drug Monitoring Centre between January and December were analysed for suspected steroid preparations, indications of use, type of use prescribed or self-administered , type of adverse effect and its outcome.
Results: A total of reports of adverse drug events with topical steroids were received, making up Thighs Clobetasone propionate Most of the topical steroids had been purchased over the counter In more than half the patients, the reactions had not abated Conclusion: Topical steroid containing FDCs continue to be available over the counter and are responsible for various irreversible cutaneous adverse effects. Increased awareness of the treating physicians as well as the public is required to counter this problem.
Pande S. Steroid containing fixed drug combinations banned by government of India: A big step towards dermatologic drug safety.
Indian J Drugs Dermatol ; 2: 1—2. Abuse of topical corticosteroids in India: Concerns and the way forward. J Pharmacol Pharmacother ; 7: 1—5. Topical corticosteroid abuse on the face: A prospective, multicenter study of dermatology outpatients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol ; —6. Lahiri K, Coondoo A. Indian J Dermatol ; — Verma S, Madhu R. The great Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis: An appraisal. This prevents the reporting to national pharmacovigilance centres. Methods: A survey was conducted once a week from January to December and consisted of a personal interview with patients, or their caregivers, in four clinical services: Medical Oncology, Paediatrics, Urology and Maternity in the Ibn Sina University Hospital in Rabat.
The Moroccan reporting form used for spontaneous ARs reporting for was used for this surveyfor which participationwas voluntary. Results: reports Children and adults were involved in Twenty signals were detected of which two alerts were generated. Patients are valuable source of information on post-marketing drug safety data collection as they can thoroughly explain the direct impact of therapy on daily life activities [1, 3].
This is especially important for people whose chronic disease management requires every day medicines use. Hence their participation in spontaneous reporting systems is of special value and importance for the development of pharmacovigilance knowledge [2,4].
Methods: A close-ended questionnaire study was conducted among patients and consumers. Quantitative variables were represented as median and range minimum and maximum , and categorical ones—as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The majority of the participants in the study who claimed to suffer from a chronic disease also confirmed everyday medicines intake. Healthcare professionals HCP are the most preferred source of drug information followed by internet resources, friends and family.
The majority of participants would consult HCPs in all matters regarding ADRs which emphasizes the role they play in educating consumers on pharmacovigilance activities.
The quality of clinical information in adverse drug reaction reports by patients and healthcare professionals: a retrospective comparative analysis, Drug Saf, ; — Here, we present results from a third season of passive enhanced safety surveillance ESS for the vaccine in — At participating sites, 38 general practices and 36 primary schools in England, immunisation teams recorded numbers of SRCs distributed.
Results: Between 29th September and 2nd December , 12, children were vaccinated at study sites, with 16 different vaccine lots used.
In total, 10, SRCs were issued for children aged 2—17 including children Three reported sADRs were classified as serious due to hospitalisation 0. The pattern and frequency of reported sADRs in the — season were consistent with previous seasons with no safety signals detected. Despite the limited number of reports received, the ESS method continues to be a useful extension to routine pharmacovigilance activities in the monitoring of possible sADRs.
Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated: 22 March Accessed 9 May Disclosure of Interest : L. Dentith Employee of: AstraZeneca, E. Hammond Employee of: AstraZeneca, D. Brooks Employee of: AstraZeneca. Methods: A cohort study identified patients from dispensed prescriptions of asenapine in England from January —June Summary descriptive statistics were calculated.
Results: The cohort consisted of patients with 3-month data of whom 56 patients had corresponding month data [median age 44 years IQR 35—55 ; There were also a number of off-label indications, e.
Asenapine was prescribed in accordance with the product label for 61 patients In addition to the targeted outcomes other events of interest included four deaths, one of which was a completed suicide, and a case of foetal spina bifida diagnosed in a pregnant patient taking multiple psychiatric medications. Conclusion: Asenapine was largely prescribed in accordance with prescribing recommendations. Event counts were small and no new safety signals were identified. This study design allowed for the timely collection of drug utilisation and safety data directly from prescribing GPs.
However, as a result of the small cohort size, any conclusions from this study should be put into context with results from other post-marketing studies. Disclosure of Interest : S. The DSRU makes the final decision on the publication of external communications. Methods: An observational cohort study identified patients via a network of psychiatrists in collaboration with the Mental Health Research Network from November —September Patient characteristics, drug utilisation and outcome data were collected via questionnaires completed by specialists sent at baseline and after 12 weeks of observation.
Results: The final cohort consisted of patients; the median age was 44 years IQR 35—52 ; 63 Asenapine was largely prescribed in accordance with the product label; 56 patients Conclusion: Asenapine was largely prescribed in accordance with prescribing recommendations; the majority of patients were taking asenapine for bipolar disorder at the recommended dose.
This study provides valuable real-word data to support the post marketing risk—benefit profile of asenapine, however as a result of the small cohort size, any conclusions from this study should be put into context with results from other research evidence.
Methods: Patients identified from dispensed prescriptions in England — Summary descriptive statistics and month risk estimates were calculated. Risk Major bleed 2. Major bleeding further stratified by site: gastrointestinal GI 1.
Risk Major bleed 1. Major bleeding further stratified by site: GI 0. Differences in methodologies and analysed study populations prevent meaningful comparisons with other studies. This study design has unique strengths, including the collection of timely, granular data directly from prescribing GPs, however selective reporting of outcomes and selection bias might be present, and should be considered when interpreting results.
Methods: For this reason, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations EFPIA has set up a permanent team to focus on emerging market pharmacovigilance, which works in partnership with key industry and regulatory bodies to support robust and harmonised PV legislation development and to aid companies in compliance. The IPVG is now very active, engaging globally via 5 regional workstreams, and progressing strategic objectives at a global level. Conclusion: This presentation will introduce the team and its activities, focusing on where they may help support ISOP objectives going forward.
Following independent screening and data extraction, a critical summary including the trend of relevant studies, differences between various data sources, methods to address bias and confounders, and the used statistical analysis methods was presented. Results: observational studies, 25 case—control studies, and 85 cohort studies were included in this review. Publications targeting antiepileptic drugs AEDs dominated in the early years, but a gradual increase in research on antidepressants ADs in recent years contributed to the vast majority of relevant studies to date.
No study on antipsychotics APs was identified in this review. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that multiple factors, such as different study designs and data source choices, lead to inconsistent findings in the association between the use of ADs and AEDs in pregnancy and CNS outcome. Researchers should optimise study design including reasonable exposure period, data source, confounding adjustment methodology, as well as statistical analysis to minimise underlying bias for better precision, validity and generalisability of results.
BMJ ;j Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology ;—9. Medication safety research by observational study design. Int J Clin Pharm. However, underreporting is a noticed problem and strategies for motivation are required. Methods: We conducted an online survey consisting of 12 questions. A link to the survey was distributed between November and February using six different newsletters.
In theory, these newsletters reach approximately , physicians but a considerable overlap of recipients is expected. Results: A total of replies were received response rate 1.
Reasons for not reporting that applied completely or to some extent for the respondents were: the required time Only 2. Apart from an acknowledgement of receipt With regard to follow-up information there was willingness to provide additional documents Approximately one quarter of respondents considered further inquiries bothersome Suggestions to improve the reporting system were given in out of replies They referred to: simplification, reduction of required time, better information on what and how to report, avoidance of time-consuming follow-ups, the inclusion of reporting tools to clinical software systems, feedback to reports and incentives for reporting.
Conclusion: In principle, physicians seem to acknowledge the necessity of reporting ADRs. However, they require proper guidance and a fast and simple reporting system which should include useful feedback information. To our knowledge this has been the biggest survey relating to this topic ever done in Germany even though our response rate was low. We expect that only physicians who are interested in the topic in general completed the survey.
Thus, our results may overestimate a positive attitude towards spontaneous reporting. However, the high proportion of respondents that have never reported an ADR prior to the survey demonstrates a capability to improve spontaneous reporting in Germany.
FAERS relies on health care professionals, consumers, and others to voluntarily report adverse events. Potential disparities in United States US consumer reporting have not been previously examined. Reports were geocoded and aggregated by county. To evaluate the correlation of county-level sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health factors to reporting, we collapsed counties into reporting rate quartiles. Population characteristics in areas of high reporting highest quartile were compared to low reporting lowest quartile.
Ongoing analyses include utilizing small-area estimation techniques to produce stable county-level estimates. Results: We identified 52, consumer reports in the 5-year study period of which One-fifth Counties in the highest reporting quartile had significantly lower proportions of Hispanic 6. Conclusion: Our findings suggest there are significant variations in consumer reporting across the US. Population representativeness in adverse event reporting is important given certain patient groups may be at an increased risk for adverse reactions.
Opportunities exist for more rigorous evaluations of reporting disparities. Multi-level modelling can provide insight into sources of variability in healthcare, especially where nested hierarchical structures exist [1]. A Specialist Cohort Event Monitoring study investigated the safety and use of rivaroxaban in clinical use, with a warfarin cohort for context.
The binary outcome was rivaroxaban or warfarin treatment. Variance components estimate the variability accounted for by each level in the model and are expressed as: Median Odd Ratios MOR—median relative increase in odds of rivaroxaban treatment if patient changed prescriber PR or trust T ; Proportional Change in Variance PCV between models when successively adding fixed effects.
Differences between trusts and prescribers in trusts are important in treatment choice; trust being more influential. Some patient factors had a relatively large effect on odds of treatment choice although the absolute number of patient impacted was often small. Trust type, was shown to be associated with the odds of treatment choice [Final model: foundation vs acute trusts OR 4. Conclusion: This study highlights the utility of Multi-level modelling in exploring patient and non-patient factors in nested hierarchical healthcare settings.
Prescribing variability appears dominated by differences between trusts and prescribers in trusts. Some patient factors were important in treatment choice, but PCV between models suggest that accounting for patient differences does not fully explain the variance between prescribers in trusts and between trusts.
What drives prescribing of asthma medication to children? A multilevel population-based study. Ann Fam Med ;— Disclosure of Interest : D. Routine or additional, these RMMs aim to optimize the safe and effective use of a medicine all throughout its lifecycle.
Out of the 29 relevant studies, 18 were finalized, 6 were ongoing and 5 were planned at the time of the present analysis. Conclusion: Risk minimization programs integrate interventions designed to support safe and adequate use of medicines. A qualitative review of these studies adds to the fundament of development of the process design, and communication of the results in a standardized and transparent manner.
However, the utilization rate remains low in some endemic communities. Pyrethroids group are recommended by the World Health Organization for nets impregnation. It is therefore necessary to establish its safety profile in order to improve its use in the community.
Thirty villages were randomly selected. An adverse event AE collection form was used during interviews with the heads of households.
European Donload. Austria-Codex in German 62nd ed. Beginning with the Avesta, the earliest Persian text on health and sickness, the medical literature on treatments of epilepsy common in Iran are reviewed. As the chambers are ‘secondary. Three reported sADRs were classified as serious due to hospitalisation 0.
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